大学院美術研究科 博士前期課程（修士課程）選抜 入学試験問題 ［2026年度入学試験参考］ 161Orality and Literacy by Walter J. Ong, Routledge, 2002, Reproduced with permission of the Licensor through PLSclear.(Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word, Routledge, New York, 1982/2012, pp.1–2.より。) ［出題のねらい／採点ポイント］英語大学院での高度な調査研究を進めていくのに必要な語学力を、英語試験で測ります。問題文は毎回、芸術・文化に関する英語文献から選ばれますが、解答に当たっては、その特定の文献に関する細かな専門的知識は、特には必要ありません。また、基礎的な単語・熟語や文法の知識はもちろん大切ですが、それらの能力以上に、その文献において筆者が述べていることを正確に読み進めて理解する文章読解力と、設問で要求されているとおりに日本語で適切に解答する記述・論述力（翻訳力を含む）が求められます。2026年1月26日（月）実施2026年1月26日（月）実施2026年1月26日（月）実施小論文小論文では、①与えられたテーマをめぐって自ら何か問題を見出し、②それについて論理的に思考し、③その思考を文章化して適切に論述する能力を受験者がどの程度有しているかを見ます。そこでは、芸術・文化に関する基礎的な知識や理解を持っていることは大切ですが、それらを並べ立てるだけでは不十分です。それらの知識・理解を基盤としつつ、自分自身の考えを、論旨明快に、説得力のある文章として表現する力が求められます。各専攻、研究領域ごとに実施英語 ［60分］小論文 ［90分］面接問題 ｜ 次の英文を読んで、設問に日本語で答えなさい。In recent years certain basic differences have been discovered between the ways of managing knowl-edge and verbalization in primary oral cultures (cultures with no knowledge at all of writing) and in cultures deeply affected by the use of writing. The implications of the new discoveries have been startling. 〔1〕Many of the features we have taken for granted in thought and expression in literature, philosophy and science, and even in oral discourse among literates, are not directly native to human existence as such but have come into being because of the resources which the technology of writing makes available to human con-sciousness. We have had to revise our understanding of human identity.The subject of this book is the differences between orality and literacy. 〔2〕Or, rather, since readers of this or any book by definition are acquainted with literate culture from the inside, the subject is, first, thought and its verbal expression in oral culture, which is strange and at times bizarre to us, and, second, literate thought and expression in terms of their emergence from and relation to orality. The subject of this book is not any ʻschoolʼ of interpretation. 〔3〕There is no ʻschoolʼ of orality and literacy, nothing that would be the equivalent of Formalism or New Criticism or Structuralism or Deconstructionism, although awareness of the interrelationship of orality and literacy can affect what is done in these as well as 著作権保護のためvarious other ʻschoolsʼ or ʻmovementsʼ all through the humanities and social science. Knowledge of orali-掲載を控えておりますty-literacy contrasts and relationships does not normally generate impassioned allegiances to theories but rather encourages reflection on aspects of the human condition far too numerous ever to be fully enumer-ated. This book will undertake to treat a reasonable number of those aspects. Exhaustive treatment would demand many volumes. It is useful to approach orality and literacy synchronically, by comparing oral cultures and chirographic (i.e., writing) cultures that coexist at a given period of time. But it is absolutely essential to approach them also diachronically or historically, by comparing successive periods with one another. Human society first formed itself with the aid of oral speech, becoming literate very late in its history, and at first only in certain groups. Homo sapiens has been in existence for between 30,000 and 50,000 years. The earliest script dates from only 6000years ago. 〔4〕Diachronic study of orality and literacy and of the various stages in the evolution from one to the other sets up a frame of reference in which it is possible to understand better not only pris-tine oral culture and subsequent writing culture, but also the print culture that brings writing to a new peak and the electronic culture which builds on both writing and print. In this diachronic framework, past and present, Homer and television, can illuminate one another. （1） 下線部〔1〕を和訳しなさい。 （2） 下線部〔2〕ではなぜratherと言っているのか説明しなさい。 （3） 下線部〔3〕を和訳しなさい。 （4） 下線部〔4〕を和訳しなさい。問題 ｜ 批評について、あなたの考えを、1,200字以内で自由に論じなさい。各専攻、研究領域ごとに実施芸術学専攻提出論文
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